, shows that under current trends these countries have little chance of achieving the Millennium Development Goals, said Kevin Watkins, head of UNDP’s Human Development Report Office.
“The Index shows in clear, cold numbers that many countries are not only failing to progress, but are actually slipping backwards, and they will continue on that downhill path unless the international community steps in to help with more resources and new policies,” said Watkins. “The world leaders who are gathering here at the UN next week should take this data to heart because they have the power to reverse these deeply disturbing trends.”
Twelve of the 18 countries are in sub-Saharan Africa—meaning that one out of three people in sub-Saharan Africa live in a country whose HDI is lower now than it was in 1990. South Africa has fallen 35 places in the HDI ranking since 1990 and Botswana 21—stark declines precipitated mainly by the HIV/AIDS pandemic.
The other six countries that suffered reversals since 1990 belong to the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) that are successors to the Soviet Union.
Since 1990, Tajikistan has fallen 21 places in the HDI rankings, Ukraine 17, and the Russian Federation 15. Declining life expectancy, combined with economic disruption after the fall of the Soviet Union, are the main factors, the Report states. The Index also shows that some of the CIS countries report improvements in their HDI levels since 1995, after the worst of the conflict and economic dislocation that accompanied the Soviet collapse.
Globally, Norway tops the Index, while Niger is last.
The HDI data demonstrates that overall global trends are positive, with substantial overall progress registered in most developing regions of the world since the release of the first report in 1990. Bangladesh, China and Uganda have increased their ranking by about 20 percent since 1990, the 2005 Index shows.
The Report cites several human development success stories, such as Viet Nam, which has cut income poverty in half, from 60 percent in 1990 to 32 percent in 2000 and has reduced child mortality rates from 58 per 1,000 live births to 42 over the same period.
Bangladesh has shown that it is possible for even the world’s poorest countries to accelerate human development, making gains in education, income and life expectancy.
Some countries are much better than others at converting wealth into HDI progress, according to the Report—Saudi Arabia has a far higher average income than Thailand, but a similar HDI (77 and 73 respectively). Guatemala has almost double the average income of Viet Nam, but is lower on the HDI (117 vs. 108).
Finally, the Report noted that the risk of conflict could be related to a low ranking in the HDI. For example, countries with a per capita income of US$600 are half as likely to experience civil war as countries with a per capita income of $250. Some war-ravaged countries like Afghanistan, Iraq and Liberia are not included in the Index tables at all, due to the lack of reliable recent statistical information on key human development indicators.
“Violent conflict is one of the surest and fastest routes to the bottom of the HDI table,” the authors wrote, “and a strong indicator for a protracted stay there.” Of the 32 countries at the bottom of the HDI, 22 have experienced conflict at some point since 1990 and five have suffered from reversals in their HDI ranking.
Ireland has an eight place ranking.
Extract:
Debates about trends in global income distribution continue to rage. Less open to debate is the sheer scale of inequality. The world’s richest 500 individuals have a combined income greater than that of the poorest 416 million.
Beyond these extremes, the 2.5 billion people living on less than $2 a day—40% of the world’s population—account for 5% of global income.
The richest 10%, almost all of whom live in high-income countries, account for 54%. An obvious corollary of extreme global inequality is that even modest shifts in distribution from top to bottom could have dramatic effects on poverty. Using a global income distribution database, we estimate a cost of $300 billion for lifting 1 billion people living on less than $1 a day above the extreme poverty line threshold. That amount represents 1.6% of the income of the richest 10% of the world’s population.
Of course, this figure describes a static transfer. Achieving sustainable poverty reduction requires dynamic processes through which poor countries and poor people can produce their way out of extreme deprivation. But in our highly unequal world greater equity would provide a powerful catalyst for poverty reduction and progress towards the MDGs.
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RELATED: Wealthy Ireland among developed world's most unequal societies; UN Human Development Report
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ABOUT THIS REPORT: Every year since 1990, the UNDP has commissioned the Human Development Report by an independent team of experts to explore major issues of global concern. A worldwide advisory network of leaders in academia, government and civil society contribute data, ideas, and best practices to support the analysis and proposals published in the Report. The concept of Human Development looks beyond per capita income, human resource development, and basic needs as a measure of human progress and also assesses such factors as human freedom, dignity and human agency, that is, the role of people in development. The Human Development Report 2005 argues that development is ultimately “a process of enlarging people’s choices,” not just raising national incomes.
The Human Development Report 2005 is published in English by Oxford University Press.
