Global foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in 2007 are set to reach US$1.5trn, above the record total of US$1.4trn achieved in 2000, according to World Investment Prospects to 2011: Foreign direct investment and the challenge of political risk. The report, produced by the Economist Intelligence Unit in co-operation with the Columbia Program on International Investment (CPII), predicts that there will be a modest and temporary decline in global FDI inflows in 2008, on the back of slowing mergers and acquisitions (M&As) activity, before a resumption of steady growth in 2009-11.

Investors are bullish about the medium-term global FDI outlook, and appear to be sanguine about financial risks, according to a global survey of 602 executives conducted for this report. However, the survey also reveals significantly heightened political risk perceptions among investors. This is especially so for emerging markets, where all four forms of political risk (risks of political violence, FDI protectionism, and threats associated with geopolitical tensions and governmental instability) are seen as increasing over the next five years. For developed countries, there is widespread concern about rising FDI protectionism, the threat of terrorism in the US and the UK and about the impact of geopolitical tensions, ranging from the effects of possible conflict with Iran and Islamic radicalism, to Russian-Western frictions. The energy sector in particular is affected by many of these risks. According to Jeffrey D. Sachs, Director of the Earth Institute at Columbia University and a contributor to the report, "the political risks facing FDI in the energy sector are likely to continue to rise unless a new co-operative global framework is established."

The report predicts that the recent global financial turmoil will have only a limited impact on FDI flows, primarily through a dampening impact on crossborder M&As. "Although a variety of macroeconomic risks loom large, the continuing healthy fundamentals of the world economy suggest that the effects of financial turbulence will be contained", comments Robin Bew, Editorial Director of the Economist Intelligence Unit.

Key expected medium-term trends for FDI include:

• After a brief retrenchment, crossborder M&As will continue to drive global FDI.

• Despite growing protectionist sentiment, the US is expected easily to retain its position as the world’s leading FDI recipient in 2007-11.

• Among emerging markets, China will remain in 2007-11 by far the main recipient of FDI flows, with almost 6% of the global total and 16% of projected inflows into emerging markets.

• Following decades of liberalisation, FDI protectionism is on the rise in many parts of the world and there is a danger that it will intensify. Crossborder M&As are coming under increased scrutiny. A large proportion of survey respondents reported that they had experienced blocked M&A deals.

• There is likely to be some acceleration of the relocation of labour-intensive manufacturing to emerging markets, although this is unlikely to be as dramatic as many observers hope or fear.

• The offshoring of services will accelerate—which will also feed protectionist sentiment, although this form of internationalisation is accompanied by relatively modest capital flows.

• Outward investment by leading emerging markets is likely to continue to gain in importance.

The report says that there is considerable variation across countries in the degree of FDI penetration (as measured by the ratio of the stock of inward FDI to GDP) around the global average ratio of about 25%. Reflecting the differential experience in recent decades of countries around the world in attracting FDI, it ranges from extremely high ratios in excess of 100% for Hong Kong, Ireland and Singapore to extremely low ratios for Japan, Iran and Kuwait (less than 3%).

Denmark, Finland, Singapore and Switzerland head the ranking. The UK falls from 6th place in 2002/2006 to 10th place while Ireland gets a 12th place ranking, down from 10th place.

The virtuous circle of globalisation
The trend towards increased internationalisation of companies will continue. The survey results showed that firms that exhibited a high degree of transnationalisation—those with more than 25% of revenue or employees outside their home markets—had better than average financial performance. The experience and confidence gained from operating intensively in foreign destinations also led to a more sanguine view of some types of political risk. Thus, perhaps ironically, more intensive internationalisation appeared to be associated with less fear of some of the consequences of greater exposure to globalisation.

World Investment Prospects to 2011 also presents the first final estimate and analysis of 2006 FDI flows, as well as detailed five-year forecasts for 82 leading FDI recipient countries of investment and market trends. This also includes the latest results of the Economist Intelligence Unit's forward-looking Business Environment Index, which measures FDI determinants.